Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid - 2109 Words

Multi-Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, then acidification, to produce an alpha-hydroxyacid. In this experiment, benzoin was used and converted into benzil, which was then used to synthesize benzillic acid. The yields were not ideal: .081g of benzil- a 27.5% yield; .038g of benzilic acid- a 34.97% yield. The matching melting points and IR readings, however, confirmed a high degree of purity for each compound: 95.6 °C for benzil, and 104.5 °C for benzilic acid, meager .632% and .333%†¦show more content†¦Once the final solid product was obtained in both reactions the melting point procedure was used to determine the level of remaining impurity of the final product, comparing the experimental and expected values found in literature. In conjunction with the melting point procedure, infrared spectroscopy was used to reveal the different functional groups of the products. In other words, the IR machine indicates whether our final product matches up with the desired one, matching carbonyl and alcohol absorption peaks (or the lack thereof) to their theoretical presence (either benzil or benzillic acid). Procedure: 1.5ml of nitric acid was added to .30g of benzoin in a conical vial with a stir vane. The mixture was then heated in a 70 degree Celsius water bath, while stirred, for one hour. The mixture in the conical vial was then cooled to room temperature and, using a pipette, the solution was transferred to a beaker containing 4ml of ice water. The mixture slowly crystallized in the beaker and the crystallized product was filtered on a hirsch funnel with vacuum. 5 ml of cold water was used to wash the product and then the product was allowed to dry. The solid product was then collected from the funnel and added to a hot 95% ethanol solution in an Erlenmeyer flask and completely dissolved. Once the solid was dissolved completely, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. Once yellow crystals formed, the solution was placed intoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid2070 Words   |  9 Pagesobjective of the experiment was to prepare Benzilic acid by multistep synthesis starting with benzaldehyde. In this setup however, product of the first step, Benzoin, is provided thereby omitting the first step involving the conversion of benzaldehyde. For this experiment, the microscale techniques of reflux, crystallization, and melting-point determination were used. Utilizing these techniques a product yield of 93% for benzil and 57% for Benzilic acid was obtained, as well as a melting point rangeRead MoreEssay about Synthesis of Benzilic Acid1107 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of benzilic acid from benzoi n utilizing a multi-step reaction. Names: Arian Karim TA Name: Sayantan Das Lab Day amp; Time: Thursday 7:30-11:40 Lab Section #: Abstract The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize benzilic acid from benzoin. This requires a multistep synthesis with benzyl as an intermediate product. The first step required HNO3 as an oxidizing agent and the second step required KOH and HCl. The percentage yields of benzil and benzilic acid were 59.5%

Mirna Profile Of Cancer Essay - 1062 Words

1.12 Aim of the study A very promising approach for understanding the involvement of a certain miRNA in the process of a disease such as cancer, is to assess the miRNA expression profile of cancer patients, and to compare with their normal counterpart is a very promising approach for understanding the involvement of a certain miRNA in a disease of interest. This may lead to the discovery of a novel prognostic or diagnostic biomarker. Although, it is believed that miRNA profile from extracted total cellular RNA is an actual indicator of RISC complex-associated miRNA, due to quick degradation of non-guide miRNA, this hypothesis was challenged by the Cullen group, when they compared the miRNA profile of the total cellular miRNAs with the†¦show more content†¦U2932 EBV positive clone A: a U2932, infected with EBV-GFP and not expressing EBNA2 [92]. SUDHL5: a B-cell line, derived from a lymph node of a 17-year-old woman with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) and has characteristic of GCB-DLBCL. SUDH5 EBV positive: SUDH5 cell line, infected with EBV-GFP, obtained from University of Rome. 1.12.2 RNA related techniques 1.12.2.1 RNA isolation Suspension cells (5 to 10 ml) were harvested by centrifugation at 500 x g for 5 minutes at room temperature (RT). 700 ÃŽ ¼l of Qiazol (Qiagen) was added to the pellet and incubated for 5 min at RT. Afterwards, 125 ÃŽ ¼l of chloroform was added to the sample and vortexed for 15 sec, and subsequently was again incubated for 10 min at RT. Then, the sample was centrifuged at 12000 xg for 15 min at 4 â„Æ' and the upper phase was transferred to a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and 500 ÃŽ ¼l of isopropanol was added to the tube and incubated on ice for 15 min, followed by centrifugation at 12000 xg for 30 min in 4 â„Æ' . After that, the pellet was air dried at RT for 15 min and dissolved in 50 ÃŽ ¼l of RNase free H2O and RNA was dissolved by incubation at 55 â„Æ' for 15 min. RNA isolation for sequencing, qRT –PCR and Ago2-IP for NB was performed, using miRNeasy Mini kit, from Qiagen, according to manufacturer’s instructions, as described in the handbook forShow MoreRelatedThe Sequence Of Target Messenger Rna1604 Words   |  7 PagesMicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNA, usually 17-25 nucleotides long that are able to bind complementary sequences of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and to induce both their degradation and translational repression (Fortunato, et al 2014). They are one of the most significant classes of non-coding RNA molecules (eg. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ribozymes) that act within the cell. MiRNAs are also evolutionary conserved in different species from plants to humans and are encoded by their respectiveRead MoreBiology : Cell Biology, Normal Function1358 Words   |  6 PagesPM331 Essay: Exosomes, their cell biology, normal function in the cell, and role in disease. Study of exosomes has become popular in recent years, exosomes which are mainly found in body fluids such as blood and urine may play a role in cell biology and in the immune system. In eukaryotes, some cells are responsible for receiving signals via chemokines or cytokines, taking up nutrients and secreting proteins into extracellular space, endocytosis and exocytosis are then involved. Exosomes Biology:

Illiteracy Rate in America Free Essays

Although the United States is the most powerful country in the world, with its high economy rate and â€Å"dot comers† at its highest peak ever, it is unfortunately, sad to say that the elevating illiteracy rate is also at its highest peak also. Even though the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Illiteracy Rate in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now has the lowest rate among the other world countries, illiteracy still is a problem today that many U. S. citizens struggle with. A generalization of illiteracy is not being able to functionally read or write and â€Å"is essentially associated with poverty†(National Institute of Literacy p94) Whereas the definition of illiteracy stated by Webster (p413) is being unable to read and write; uneducated; having or showing a lack of knowledge of fundamentals on a particular subject. No one is capable of looking at another person and realizing that they are functionally illiterate, because illiterate people make it difficult to detect because they are so good at covering it. The literate public does not realize the size of the literacy problem today. They think everyone is literate, but more than 40 million Americans 16 years of age and older have only basic reading and writing skills, according to the U. S. department of education. WWW. galegroup. com Customarily, citizens apt to looking down upon those who are not functionally literate and who were deprived of the education that those who aren†t illiterate were taught These people are illiterate because they never had the opportunity to learn, or when they had the opportunity, they lacked the motivation to learn. There are many problems that an illiterate person will face when trying to live a normal day-to-day life, because they had a lack of motivation, which makes it very hard for an illiterate person to get around or even survive. Because of this, many help tactics have been underway so that they may have assistance in getting important things done. Despite the dispossession of not being able to functionally read and write, there are various problems that an individual, and that individuals† family are faced with. Such types of problems are not being able to make out a grocery, fill out important documents, such as health care information to better facilitate them and their family, and not being able to apply for a well-positioned job because they are unable to comprehend what the application is asking. These problems are like a domino effect amongst illiterate persons. Once one problem is dealt with another one appears to happen very shortly afterward. Take for example an illiterate mother who has two young children who have not been educated how to read nor write yet. This mother has a low-income job, because of lack of reading proficiency skills, which makes her have a very tight budget for her single family home. On a regular trip to the grocery store this mother would first have to ration her money out so that she would still have money for miscellaneous things. She would only be able to rely on pictures and normally bought things. While at the checkout line this mother would not be able to count her money alone, because she is â€Å"functionally illiterate†, so she would definitely be in need of assistance. Major companies and businesses have realized the illiteracy rate increase and have taken action to try and remedy the problem. There are many ways in which these places have tried to assist in helping these illiterate persons. When illiterate persons enter a social work office, in need of some sort of care â€Å"they mainly recognize there names and that†s about it† says Peggy McEldon, of Dinnwiddie Department of Social Services. She also goes on to say that â€Å"often times people come in with their forms already filled out and completed all they have to do is put the information in the system. sometimes for some support they will bring a relative or an authorized person to speak or sign papers for them, if someone can†t read or write they can sign with an â€Å"X†. (Peggy McEldon) Most importantly whatever help that is needed they are entitled to do whatever is possible to reach their need. In another situation at the local Department of Motor Vehicles, such assistance to an illiterate person trying for a drivers† license is instead of a computer test given, an oral test would be given, to ask questions as to where they stand. most people who come in with needs of assistance is young people†(Linda Hall, Front Hall Desk). In the most multicultural nation in the world, it is not uncommon to come across illiterate persons in your day-to-day life. In the 3rd world countries the crisis of illiteracy has usually been demoted. More and more however, literacy is threatening the continual development of highly industrialized nations. Though there are many sources that illiterate persons can go to to get help and assistance, illiterate persons will still not be able to survive very long with knowing little knowledge. Although it seems as though their will never be a halt in the growth of illiteracy, we find that most people will hold educators accountable for the lack of literate people that walk the face of this earth, even though it†s the illiterate people who lack in the skills needed to perform his or her purpose. Consequently as the standards increase, population grows, and the educational system falters, illiteracy will continue to be one of America†s worst problems; and the number of illiterate people will continue to rise. How to cite Illiteracy Rate in America, Papers

Dorian Greys Reaction to the Change in the Painting free essay sample

â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Grey† by Oscar Wilde, Dorian has a profound reaction each time he views the change in the painting, and he reacts with a self-pitying, vain attitude. Vanity haunts Dorian, and he cares only about how this change in the painting will affect himself and his outer beauty only. At first, Dorian worries about how his treatment of Sibyl Vane will affect the painting. He cares not about the cruel acts he committed, but rather dwells on how it will taint or tarnish the beauty of his portrait. (â€Å"A sense of infinite pity, not for himself, but for the painted image of himself, came over him. It had altered already, and would alter more. Its gold would wither into grey. Its red and white roses would die. For every sin that he committed, a stain would fleck and wreck its fairness. But he would not sin. † Chapter 7) The change Dorian views on his painting does not make him regret his cruel treatment of Sibyl, or pity the girl. We will write a custom essay sample on Dorian Greys Reaction to the Change in the Painting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the contrary, he pities the painted portrait of himself. His vanity consumes him, and he becomes obsessed with the notion that the painting will soon lose its beauty if he would continue to commit sins. He then decides to change his ways, and no longer sin. He vows to return to Sibyl and rekindle their love. However, he vows to do so in vanity, rather than to become a better man. His unwillingness to watch the exquisite portrait succumb to degradation is the only reason behind his decision to return to Sibyl, which he considers the honorable action to take. He is scared that the painting and his soul would be destroyed if he does not do so, and therefore, in a vain effort to save their beauty, promises to make amends. However, upon waking up the next morning and viewing the painting, he becomes very worried that his actions had indeed been cruel. He reacts to this realization by writing a letter to Sibyl. (â€Å"Finally, he went over to the table and wrote a passionate letter to the girl he had loved, imploring her forgiveness and accusing himself of madness There is a luxury in self-reproach. When we blame ourselves, we feel that no one else has a right to blame us. It is the confession, not the priest, that gives us absolution. When Dorian had finished the letter, he felt that he had been forgiven. Chapter 8) Dorian writes this letter not to take accountability for his actions, but rather to comfort himself. He is not necessarily doing this for the sake of comforting Sibyl, but rather for the sake of comforting himself. He believes all blame for his cruelty has been lifted from his shoulders by committing an act of self reproach, and confessing his cruelty. He believes he is forgiven for his a ctions, by writing a mere letter. He did so in concern of himself, not Sibyl. He then claims (â€Å"I am perfectly happy now I want to be good. I can’t bear the idea of my soul being hideous† Chapter 8) He feels completely satisfied and happy upon writing the letter after viewing the change in the painting, despite not knowing whether or not he is forgiven for his actions; he thinks only of himself. He then claims he has noble, good-hearted intentions after writing the letter, as he is too vain to bear any part of him being deemed ugly. He writes the letter to assure himself his soul is not tainted. However, upon receiving news of Sibyl’s suicide, and speaking with Lord Henry, his reaction to the change in the painting alters, and he no longer views the change in a bad light. â€Å"If the picture was to alter, it was to alter. That was all. Why inquire too closely into it? What did it matter what happened to the coloured image on the canvas? He would be safe. That was everything. † Chapter 8) Lord Henry convinces Dorian that Sibyl’s suicide was a remarkable feat he wishes he could himself have accomplished. Dorian falls captive to his words, and deems the events a â€Å"marvelous experience†, and wishes an experience as marvelous should come again. Henry assures him such an event will come, for as long as Dorian’s beauty is retained. Thus, the change in Dorian’s paradigm occurs, as he realizes his beauty will be retained, for as long as the portrait will change. He disregards his past reactions to the change: of worry for the portrait’s beauty, or regret for his cruelty against Sibyl, and his vanity consumes him; he believes he is safe, for as long as his outer beauty is maintained. The change in the painting was proof that he will remain young and beautiful while the painting loses its youth and beauty, and this now pleases him. Dorian has many different reactions to the change in the painting, however, all display his newly obtained vain and selfish attitude; his reaction is a demonstration of his corruption at the hands of Lord Henry, and the fall of his character. In the novel, â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Grey† by Oscar Wilde, Dorian feels an onslaught of emotions during Sibyl Vane’s performance, all of which result in a loss of passion for Sibyl Vane and a profound change in his character. When watching an awkward performance, typical viewers would not have such a reaction but simply think themselves un-entertained. However, Dorian is not a typical viewer but Sibyl’s fiancee, and very much in love with her artistic ability as well; the unconvincing performance leads to an onrush of feelings for Dorian. This star struck lover’s initial response to Sibyl’s performance is confusion. (â€Å"The voice was exquisite, but from the point of view of tone it was absolutely false. It was wrong in colour. It took away all the life from the verse. It made the passion unreal. He was puzzled and anxious. † Chapter 7) Dorian has a passion for art and luxury; overall, the beauty of objects. The central reason he falls in love with Sibyl is her ability to perform on stage. He was captured by her ability to immerse herself in a role, regardless of the play. Therefore, he has an inability to process the change in her acting, and it is hard for him to believe that such a talented actress could ‘fail’ him by performing so badly. After the disappointing first act, he still waits to see the second, as if he still expects her to make a comeback. He is consumed by Sibyl’s ability to immerse herself into a role and is unable to come to the realization of her poor performance. Dorian’s secondary reaction to the performance is disappointment. His disappointment leads him to lose all and any love or passion he once had for her; a passion which he boasted about. (â€Å" ‘My God, Harry, how I worship her! ’ Hectic spots of red burned on his cheeks. He was terribly excited. † Chapter 4) Dorian’s outwardly display of his love showed the passion he once had for the woman and her talent. His cheeks once burned with passion and excitement for Sibyl Vane. This plays as a contrast to his reaction when watching the play. (â€Å"Dorian grew pale as he watched her†¦They were horribly disappointed. † Chapter 7) This incident changes the tone and surfaces Dorian’s dying love. While once his cheeks burned a bright red with his love, they have now lost all colour and have gone pale. He once spoke very highly of Sibyl to both Basil and Lord Henry, and her mediocre performance also undermined his past statements; he continuously boasted about how Sibyl’s ability to perform despite Henry’s doubts, and she failed to live up to his past remarks. These two reactions lead to a profound change in Dorian;s character. Dorian’s realization that his love was not for Sibyl Vane, but rather for her acting and artistic talent, reveals his romantic vanity and his valuation of artistic beauty above all else. After the show, Dorian goes to Sibyl, not with the intent to woo her like his previous visits but rather to treat her as beneath him as opposed to a beloved equal, due to her ‘failure’. (â€Å"She rose from her knees, and with a piteous expression of pain in her face, came across the room to him. She put her hand upon his arm and looked into his eyes. He thrust her back. ‘Don’t touch me! ’ he cried. † Chapter 7) He is heavily influenced by the opinions of Lord Henry when he uses cruel words to power his cold attitude towards Sibyl as he breaks all ties he once had with her. His words are not like those of a man speaking to his past love but rather of an impatient man speaking to a less than efficient servant. He acts very cruel towards Sibyl, and believes he has a right to do so due to Sibyl’s performance. He believes that she has completely failed him, and this grants him a superiority over the woman; this is a perception he gained from Lord Henry’s infiltration of his mind. Dorian does not see the fault in his behavior and believes he has a right and reason to treat Sibyl as below him, without a single thought given to Sibyl’s perspective on the situation. Dorian’s insensitive and heartless dismissal of Sibyl is a clear demonstration of the growing corruption of his character. Dorian’s reaction to Sibyl’s bland performance shows his character developing into a colder, crueler individual. He raves on about his love for her and her talent to an end, but as soon as her talent is gone, his love fades just as swiftly. The plethora of emotions that overcome Dorian and ultimately lead to his rejection of Sibyl Vane after just one displeasing performance is evidence of the change in his morals, and therefore, the fall in his character.